Opis
Originally published in 1934, "Elements of Polish culture as seen by a resident foreigner" is a remarkable account of interwar Poland, written by Paul Super – an American social reformer who spent fifteen years living and working in the country. He closely observed Polish society, culture, education, religious life, and the everyday experiences of a young nation reborn after more than a century of foreign partition. His narrative is personal yet deeply empathetic, portraying Poland as a dynamic and diverse country with a strong cultural and geopolitical orientation toward the West. Super explores Polish art, architecture, literature, customs, and – above all – the traits of national character: idealism, hospitality, individualism, a deep sense of freedom, and strong religious feeling. It is a portrait of a nation that had only recently regained its independence and was actively shaping its modern identity. But just a few years after the book’s publication, everything changed. World War II brought the destruction of Poland’s elites, brutal occupation, and later, Soviet domination. Many of the places described by the author fell outside Poland’s postwar borders, and the country’s social and cultural life was profoundly transformed. This book is not only a historical document, but also a moving testimony to the spirit of a people who, despite the tragedies of history, preserved what was most essential: their culture, identity, religion, and belief in the future. "Elements of Polish culture…" should be read not only as a description of the past, but as a record of national spirit – of what endured in Polish life despite catastrophe. It offers readers a deeper understanding of Polish national traits – such as idealism, independence, and a strong sense of identity – and reveals the lasting values that survived wars, shifting borders, and authoritarian regimes. Spis treściPublisher’s Foreword 7 Chapter 1. Cultural Areas 9 Chapter 2. Orientation 12 Religious and political factors 13 Chapter 3. Landscape and Culture 17 Chapter 4. Artistic Expression 20 Architecture 21 Painting, wood-carving, pottery 22 Costume, literature, music 24 Chapter 5. Spiritual Quality 27 Democracy 27 Toleration 29 Idealism 30 Religion 34 Individualism 36 Chapter 6. Personal Culture 38 Intellectuality 38 Grace of life 40 Self-criticism 42 Women and culture 46 Chapter 7. Social Classes 49 The new middle class 50 Chapter 8. Political Events and Culture 52 After Vienna, 1815 53 Polish Messianism 55 Chapter 9. Cultural Institutions 57 The schools 57 Books and libraries 58 Scientific societies 59 Physical culture 60 Respect for learning 61